ABSTRACT

Recently, we introduced laser-induced sound pinging (LISP) as a simple photoacoustic technique for the expedient and fairly rapid (2-3 min) measurement of the speed of sound traversing lowvolume samples (25-1000 L), built around an inexpensive tattoo-removal laser source (Sens. Actuators B-Chem. 2019, 291, 401-410). In this report, we expand on the utility of this technique by improving the facility of measurement and speed of analysis by adopting a fixed-path length (FPL) architecture which allows for much faster analysis (1-5 s) of similar sample volumes. The FPL-LISP setup was employed to determine the speeds of sound at temperatures from 293 K to 333 K for four popular hydrophilic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) containing choline chloride (i.e., reline, ethaline, glyceline, and maline), plus several representative decanoic acid-based (i.e., hydrophobic) DESs. The temperature-dependent speeds of sound were used alongside the corresponding experimental densities to calculate the bulk modulus for these illustrative DESs. Interestingly, the bulk modulus was in the 4,000-5,000 MPa range for choline chloride-derived DESs, essentially twice the value of a hydrophobic DES (typified by 1:2 tetraoctylammonium bromide:decanoic acid), suggesting unique potential for hydraulic applications, for example. The modest volume requirements of FPL-LISP make it suitable for determining the speed of sound in scarce, precious, or hazardous liquids and the speed of analysis enables integration into a continuous-flow platform for real-time analytics (e.g., beverage quality control).

Compounds

#	Formula	Name
1	C5H14ClNO	choline chloride
2	C3H8O3	glycerol
3	C2H6O2	1,2-ethanediol
4	CH4N2O	urea
5	C3H4O4	propanedioic acid
6	C32H68ClP	trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride
7	C32H68BrN	tetraoctylammonium bromide
8	C25H54BrN	methyltrioctylammonium bromide
9	C16H34	hexadecane
10	C10H20O2	decanoic acid
11	H2O	water

Datasets

The table above is generated from the ThermoML associated json file (link above). POMD and RXND refer to PureOrMixture and Reaction Datasets. The compound numbers are included in properties, variables, and phases, if specificied; the numbers refer to the table of compounds on the left.
Type	Compound-#	Property	Variable	Constraint	Phase	Method	#Points
POMD	9	Speed of sound, m/s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Frequency, MHz; Liquid	Liquid	Single path-length method	8
POMD	11	Speed of sound, m/s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Frequency, MHz; Liquid	Liquid	Single path-length method	9
POMD	1 4	Mass density, kg/m3 ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 4; Liquid	Liquid	Vibrating tube method	9
POMD	1 4	Viscosity, Pa*s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 4; Liquid	Liquid	Falling or rolling sphere viscometry	9
POMD	1 4	Speed of sound, m/s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 4; Liquid Frequency, MHz; Liquid	Liquid	Single path-length method	10
POMD	1 4	Speed of sound, m/s ; Liquid	Mole fraction - 1; Liquid Temperature, K; Liquid Pressure, kPa; Liquid Frequency, MHz; Liquid		Liquid	Single path-length method	1
POMD	1 2	Mass density, kg/m3 ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 2; Liquid	Liquid	Vibrating tube method	9
POMD	1 2	Viscosity, Pa*s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 2; Liquid	Liquid	Falling or rolling sphere viscometry	9
POMD	1 2	Speed of sound, m/s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 2; Liquid Frequency, MHz; Liquid	Liquid	Single path-length method	9
POMD	1 3	Mass density, kg/m3 ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 3; Liquid	Liquid	Vibrating tube method	9
POMD	1 3	Viscosity, Pa*s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 3; Liquid	Liquid	Falling or rolling sphere viscometry	9
POMD	1 3	Speed of sound, m/s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 3; Liquid Frequency, MHz; Liquid	Liquid	Single path-length method	9
POMD	1 5	Mass density, kg/m3 ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 5; Liquid	Liquid	Vibrating tube method	9
POMD	1 5	Viscosity, Pa*s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 5; Liquid	Liquid	Falling or rolling sphere viscometry	5
POMD	1 5	Speed of sound, m/s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 5; Liquid Frequency, MHz; Liquid	Liquid	Single path-length method	7
POMD	6 10	Mass density, kg/m3 ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 10; Liquid	Liquid	Vibrating tube method	9
POMD	6 10	Viscosity, Pa*s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 10; Liquid	Liquid	Falling or rolling sphere viscometry	9
POMD	6 10	Speed of sound, m/s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 10; Liquid Frequency, MHz; Liquid	Liquid	Single path-length method	9
POMD	7 10	Mass density, kg/m3 ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 10; Liquid	Liquid	Vibrating tube method	9
POMD	7 10	Viscosity, Pa*s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 10; Liquid	Liquid	Falling or rolling sphere viscometry	9
POMD	7 10	Speed of sound, m/s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 10; Liquid Frequency, MHz; Liquid	Liquid	Single path-length method	9
POMD	8 10	Mass density, kg/m3 ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 10; Liquid	Liquid	Vibrating tube method	9
POMD	8 10	Viscosity, Pa*s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 10; Liquid	Liquid	Falling or rolling sphere viscometry	9
POMD	8 10	Speed of sound, m/s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 10; Liquid Frequency, MHz; Liquid	Liquid	Single path-length method	9
POMD	7 8 10	Mass density, kg/m3 ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 7; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 8; Liquid	Liquid	Vibrating tube method	9
POMD	7 8 10	Speed of sound, m/s ; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid	Pressure, kPa; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 7; Liquid Amount ratio of solute to solvent - 8; Liquid Frequency, MHz; Liquid	Liquid	Single path-length method	9
POMD	1 4 11	Speed of sound, m/s ; Liquid	Mole fraction - 1; Liquid Mole fraction - 4; Liquid	Temperature, K; Liquid Pressure, kPa; Liquid Frequency, MHz; Liquid	Liquid	Single path-length method	11
POMD	1 4 11	Speed of sound, m/s ; Liquid	Mass fraction - 11; Liquid	Solvent: Amount ratio of component to other component of binary solvent - 4; Liquid Temperature, K; Liquid Pressure, kPa; Liquid Frequency, MHz; Liquid	Liquid	Single path-length method	12

Thermodynamics Research Center / ThermoML | Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data

Fixed-Path Length Laser-Induced Sound Pinging: A Streamlined Method for Sound Speed Determination in Arbitrary Liquids

Adhikari, L.[Laxmi], Larm, N. E.[Nathaniel E.], Bhawawet, N.[Nakara], Dhingra, D.[Divya], Pandey, S.[Siddharth], Polo-Parada, L.[Luis], Gutierrez-Juarez, G.[Gerardo], Baker, G. A.[Gary A.]

ABSTRACT